Fiber Connectors generally contact each other mutually. The cleaner the contact surface, the better the transition is achieved. The quality of the connector surface and connector is very important for a good transition. Some of the light sent from one end passes across and some is reflected back. The ratio of the reflected light to the transmitted light is called "Reflection Loss (RL)". In general, the return loss in SM connectors should be around 45 dB. The higher the return loss value, the better the connector. If the fibers do not come into full contact when the connectors are inserted together, an air wall forms and this air wall causes more light to be reflected back. Thus, the return loss can be reduced to 14 dB.
Mentioned in the return loss description: some of the light sent at the connector port passes through the connector to the other fiber optic cable. The ratio of transmitted light to transmitted light is called transmission loss. The main reason for the losses here is again related to the quality of the fiber optic connector, because the better the fibers contact each other, the lower the losses.
The production of fiber optics is actually done with a method similar to the production of electronic chips, that is, boron or germanium atoms are added to the core to increase its refractive index. Then, pure glass is added on the lathes to obtain fiber optic glass billets of many different sizes. These glass slabs are then heated and melted in fiber optic towers (approximately 15 m) and their diameter is reduced to 125 microns.
Fiber optic cable production is actually not much different from other types of cable production, in fact it can be said to be easier. Because the transmission properties of the fiber depend on the bending diameter etc. It does not change much unless it changes with other factors. In copper cables, such properties are closely related to the bending of the copper or the insulation thickness and the electrical permeability of the polymer material used. In other words, as long as you have ready-made fibers, it is practically easier to produce fiber optic cables than copper cables (e.g. Cat.5, Cat.6, Cat. 7, etc.).
There are many types of fiber optic connectors SC, FC, E2000, ST, LC etc. These connectors are mounted at the ends of fiber optic cables to form a patch cord. So there is a fiber optic connector on both sides. These Patch Cords are divided into many types according to their length and type of fiber (SM, MM etc.). Patch Cords are generally used to quickly establish optical links between fiber optic distribution boxes (ODF) and fiber optic equipment. With the help of this application about Patch Cords, you can decide which type of Patch Cord you should use.
It is Patch Cord cut in half. Pigtail and Patch Cord are produced by the same method. The finished Patch Cord is divided in half to create 2 pigtails. The reason for this is that it is not possible to measure Pigtai alone. Pigtail is generally used by adding one end to the cable, and the other end is connected to the patch cord active device by plugging it into the connector adapter.
Fiber optic cable used to be used only to carry large amounts of data over long distance lines. Namely, as the modulation frequency increases, the amount of data that can be transferred also increases. While this is possible by greatly increasing the copper diameter on the copper cable, since light is used instead of electrical signal in fiber optic cables, this distance increases both the frequency and the distance. This has enabled communication, which was previously unthinkable and limited by the capability of copper cable, to be used in wider areas than we expected. For example: computer networks, ocean crossings, intercity communications and fiber application to homes. The usage area of fibers is limited to our imagination.
Light-speed internet is a slogan created using fiber optic infrastructure and used for fiber applications to homes.
Fiber optic splices can be made in two ways. The first is the welding machine known as Fusion Splice and the other is mechanical splices.
They are cables produced using single mode fibers. On single mode fiber, lights of a single wavelength move in a single mode. In this way, long-distance areas can be used up to very long distances without the need for a booster, considering the scattering and attenuation values in the fiber. Single mode fiber optic cables are generally used in long distance communications. Single mode optical fibers are generally 9/125 microns in diameter. (9=core diameter 125=cladding diameter.)
Cladding is the glass jacket around the core and its refractive index is lower than the refractive index of the core. Thus, external electromagnetic waves cannot reduce the transmission quality of the fiber.
As with all cables, the bending diameter of the fiber is cable diameter x 20. However, since the fibers will be kept bare for a long time in optical distribution and termination boxes known as ODF, the minimum bending diameter is set to 3 cm. In the short term (for example, during assembly), bending at smaller diameters will not be a problem. Since fiber optic cables protect bare fibers, the bending diameter here is defined as the diameter of the fiber optic cable x 20. For example, if the diameter of the fiber optic cable is 1cm, a maximum bending of 20cm in diameter is allowed.
Fibers are made of pure glass. The glass part of the fibers is 125 microns, but the part through which light passes is 9 microns for single-mode fibers and 50 microns or 62.5 microns for multi-mode fibers. Since the refractive index of the ember material is higher than the surrounding glass, the traveling light has to be trapped within the ember. (Snell's law)
Fiber optic cables are generally produced in 2 km lengths, and if a 450 km fiber optic cable is to be laid over long distances, for example between Ankara and Istanbul, fiber cables must be spliced together every 2 km. Fiber optic cables are generally spliced with fusion splice in the fiber optic splice box, thus protecting the splice points against external factors. Fiber optic splice boxes are also used to branch the fibers within the fiber optic cable. For example: You can allocate 12 fibers of a 46-fiber fiber optic cable to another location and continue with 36 fiber optic cables. Nowadays, by adding fiber optic splitters into fiber optic splice boxes, 12 fibers can be obtained from a single fiber. Again, these splitters (optical splitters-passive) can be mounted in the fiber optic splice box.
As the light moves through the ember, it goes out a little and returns back into the ember. The diameter of the region where the light moves is called MFD (Mode Field Diameter). MFD may show different values at different wavelengths, do not be fooled by this because lights of different wavelengths can follow different routes.
As the data requirement increases, data restrictions caused by copper cable or wireless access are not present in fiber optic cables, which is very advantageous for today's and future technology.
They are cables produced using multi-mode fibers. Multi-mode fibers are generally fibers that can carry many modes and wavelengths. These are generally used in applications where there is a lot of data diversity, such as wide area networks and control of automation devices. Multi-mode cables generally come in two types: 50/125 micron and 62.5/125 micron.
